Who is considered the great-grandmother of David?

The correct answer is Ruth. In the biblical narrative, Ruth is a key figure in the lineage of David. She was a Moabite woman who married Boaz, a relative of Naomi, and became the great-grandmother of King David. This connection is significant as it not only highlights Ruth's important role in the genealogy of David but also illustrates broader themes of inclusivity and the significance of faithfulness and steadfast love in the biblical text. Ruth's story is told in the Book of Ruth, where her loyalty to Naomi and her eventual marriage to Boaz solidify her place in the lineage of David, emphasizing her importance in the biblical genealogy.

Each other option, while notable biblical figures, does not have a direct familial connection to David in the same way. Esther, Deborah, and Naomi served significant roles in the biblical narrative, but it is Ruth whose lineage directly leads to David and is traditionally recognized as his great-grandmother.