What aspect of scripture did Modernism critically challenge?

Modernism critically challenged the infallibility of scripture, which refers to the belief that the Bible is without error in its teachings and assertions. This movement arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and sought to reconcile traditional religious beliefs with modern scientific understanding and historical criticism. Modernists often questioned the traditional views of scripture's divine inspiration and authority, positing that human elements and cultural contexts significantly influenced the texts.

By challenging the idea of infallibility, Modernism opened conversations around the reliability of scripture in light of historical and archaeological findings, as well as contemporary philosophical thought. This perspective also paved the way for discussions about how scripture should be read and understood in a modern context, but at its core, the challenge was primarily about the claim that the Bible is without error in every aspect. This sets it apart from other options that focus on specific teachings, historical details, or methods of interpretation, which while significant, were informed by the more foundational question of the scripture's inherent reliability and divine authority.